Skin treatment compositions containing copper-pigment complexes

ABSTRACT

A therapeutic method is described in which copper is delivered into the skin as a complex with sodium chlorophyllin. Sodium copper chlorophyllin is encapsulated in suitable lecithin-type liposomes, containing a high concentration of linoleic acid and having diameters in the range 150-350 nanometers. The method provides therapeutic benefits in the treatment of environmentally-induced premature skin aging, excessively oily skin, acne and acne-related skin disorders, acne-rosacea, and also stimulates the natural tanning response of skin to sunlight and other ultraviolet-containing radiation.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed toward therapeutic substances and methods fortreating skin problems caused by environmental factors or chronic skinpathologies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are important roles for copper in regulating various functions andprocesses in the human body, including within the skin. Copper is partof an enzyme that regulates energy metabolism, cytochrome c oxidase, andis also essential for the repair of skin tissues by virtue of its rolein the cross-linking of elastin and collagen by lysyl oxidase. Copper isa key part of the skin's antioxidant protection system, for removal ofsuperoxide radicals by the antioxidant SOD (superoxide dismutase).Studies have shown that when copper salts are applied directly to theskin in an aqueous solution there is little or no significant benefit.Moreover, the cuprous copper ion (Cu⁺²) is a catalyst for activatingmolecular oxygen and is therefore a potential pro-oxidant. It istherefore of interest to develop methods that deliver copper to the skinand net therapeutic results, yet also avoid oxidative damage. Providingthe wherewithal to enhance elastin and collagen cross-linking, stimulatenew vascular growth and to amplify the skin's tanning response to UVlight are goals of the present invention. Another goal is to delivercopper in a form that is effective for reducing enlarged facial poresand scarring caused by acne. These goals are achieved with a therapeuticunit that binds copper with antioxidant plant pigments and chromophoresand renders these copper-complexes capable of penetrating the skin; bothconcentrating the copper-complexes in and around sebaceous glands andalso dispersing the copper-complex throughout the skin.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Biological systems are protected from environmental assaults, in part,by a variety of biochemical mechanisms designed to suppress oxidativereaction pathways. These antioxidant processes reduce exogenouspro-oxidant species and the endogenous secondary free radicals producedby these pro-oxidants. The most common source for generating freeradicals in the skin is UV light, which splits hydrogen peroxide, aprevalent metabolic by-product, thereby generating the extremelyreactive hydroxyl radical (OH). The general environment in which peoplelive and work also contains free radicals produced by combustion andother types of industrial chemical processes as well as cigarettesmoking. The intensity of oxidative risks from our environment isincreasing; this is particularly significant for skin because of itsdirect exposure to the environment. The skin employs variousphysiological mechanisms to repair oxidized macromolecules for renewaland recovery after oxidative injury. Interestingly, skin renewal caninclude the physiological production of superoxide radicals (O₂) byphagocytic cells in order to destroy invading microorganisms. Althoughthe superoxide radical is of itself not very reactive, it can react withtransition metals such as ferrous iron (Fe⁺²) and cuprous copper (Cu⁺² )to generate the extremely reactive hydroxyl radical. Elimination ofsuperoxide is primarily the responsibility of enzymes known assuperoxide dismutases (SODs). The predominant form of SOD in the skin isthe Cu⁺²/Zn⁺² containing dimeric SOD enzyme. It is postulated here thatincreasing the amount of copper in the skin by the present methodresults in increased SOD activity, thereby reducing the amount ofsuperoxide. To offset potentially harmful oxidizing side-effects, copperis applied to the skin in forms that can provide their own antioxidantprotection; that is, by means of copper-complexed plant pigments andchromophores.

Another natural role for copper in the skin has to do with its bindingto small peptides, notably the tripeptide GHK(glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine), which plays a key role in anti-aging andtissue repair processes. The Cu²⁺ bound form of GHK (GHK—Cu) promotesthe deposition of new collagen, and stimulates growth of new bloodvessels in wound healing. GHK—Cu supports the activity of proteaseenzymes that remove scar tissue, replacing it with more normal-lookingskin. GHK—Cu has also been reported to stimulate hair growth. It ispostulated here that because the invention delivers copper in anon-toxic, bioavailable way, it promotes the formation of GHK—Cu andenhances skin repair, even in the absence of open wounds, as in acne,rosacea, etc.

Damaged or incomplete cross-linking of collagen and elastin can reducethe tensile strength of connective tissue. It has also been suggested byother investigators that such reduced cross-linking is the cause ofspider veins: due to distension and thinning of blood vessel walls,which make dark venous blood visible through the skin. It is postulatedhere, that by increasing cross-linking as a result of the increasedbioavailability of copper, the method can 1) reduce the visibility ofunder-eye dark circles, 2) improve tensile strength and elasticity ofskin and thereby diminish the amount of skin lines and wrinkles, and 3)reduce the size of unattractive enlarged facial pores. It is furtherpostulated that by binding the applied copper to antioxidant plantpigments and chromophores, the skin is afforded significant antioxidantprotection.

The inflammatory processes of acne include defensive release of oxidantsby neutrophils, which are released to destroy acne-producingmicroorganisms. The primary oxidant secreted by neutrophils issuperoxide. It is postulated that the copper delivered by the inventionincreases SOD activity and reduces inflammation. It is also postulatedthat binding copper with antioxidant plant pigments and chromophoresincreases this activity. It has been suggested that seborrheicinflammatory conditions also play a role in excess oiliness of skin,producing a cosmetically unattractive shiny appearance. Theanti-inflammatory benefits of copper, via SOD, and the copper-boundplant antioxidant, could reduce excessive oiliness in such cases.

The copper-antioxidant complex may be delivered in a liposomaldispersion, wherein the lipid shell of the liposome consists oflecithin. Although lecithin has been used for similar applications, therole of lecithin has been viewed strictly as an encapsulating materialthat facilitates the penetration of hydrophilic substances into theskin. The present invention is novel in recognizing that if the type oflecithin used is a structural combination of linoleic acid andphosphatidyl choline (“high linoleic acid lecithin”), then the liposomematerial itself may help to reduce acne symptoms. Liposomes of this typewere made available by Rovi Cosmetics (ROVI GmbH & Co., KosmetischeRohstoffe KG, Schluchtern, Germany), and are trade named Rovisomes. Thepresent invention is therefore a novel advance for treating acne andacne-related symptoms, by combining the three types of benefits: copperions, antioxidant plant pigments and chromophores, and a type oflecithin suitable for treating acne related skin complaints.

Another innovative aspect of the present invention has to do withcontrolled release of the copper, based on anticipated differences in pHas the liposome enters the skin. The copper atom is attached to thechlorophyllin by a metallic bond, so that the copper can be replaced bytwo protons: in other words, a more acidic pH favors dissociation ofcopper from chlorophyllin. A novel aspect of this method is thereforethe formulation of the liposome dispersion at a slightly alkaline pH,typically 7.2-7.6: the copper-chlorophyllin stays intact as long as theliposome stays intact, but is expected to dissociate once the liposomeenters the more acidic environment of the skin's outer mantle. It ispostulated that this drop in pH as the liposomes pass into the skin playa vital role in the gradual release of copper from chlorophyllin, and,in fact, regulates delivery kinetics.

Formation of melanin is catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosinase, which helpsconvert the amino acid tyrosine to melanin. Reported research ongenetically copper deficient mice has shown that direct addition ofcopper to their hair roots restores near normal levels of tyrosinaseactivity. This large increase in melanin production was shown to be dueto the additional copper, not the production of additional tyrosinasemolecules. Other reported experiments, conducted in copper-deficientsheep, likewise showed dramatic increases in pigmentation when copperwas supplemented in the animals' diet. It is postulated that coppersupplied to the skin using the present method may likewise enhancemelanin production in human skin: thereby enhancing the tanning responseand consequent protection against further sun damage. The simultaneousdelivery of plant antioxidants is expected to provide additionalphotoprotection, reducing the oxidants produced by UV light. Onset ofmelanogenesis brought on by this invention may also prove to be of valuein treating pigment-loss in diseases such as vitiligo.

In summary, the goals of the present invention are 1) to provide acarrier system for penetrating sequestered copper ions into the skin, 2)to effect stable, gradual release of the sequestered copper to make itavailable for its therapeutic benefits, and 3) to simultaneously releaseone or more antioxidants from the same carrier system. Many plantpigments and chromophores play active roles in protecting the plantagainst free radicals generated by activation of molecular oxygen oroxygen-containing metabolic by-products. The antioxidant nature of thesepigments and chromophores is essential for survival of the plant and,often, these natural antioxidants contain a metal-ion that donates oneor more electrons to the molecular orbitals involved in neutralizingfree radicals. Specific examples of plant pigments possessing metalchelation and free radical scavenging properties include carotenoids,chlorophylls, anthocyanins, betalains and phycobilins, and the presentinvention is understood to include metal complexes of these pigments aswell.

In one preferred embodiment, the carrier system is a liposomaldispersion containing lecithin liposomes of very small size, typicallybetween 150-350 nanometers. Cu⁺² ions are loaded into the liposomes inthe form of an aqueous solution of sodium-copper-chlorophyllin, which isa stable compound expected to release copper in a gradual manner.Chlorophyllin is itself a highly effective antioxidant, and is expectedto neutralize the free radicals produced by reactions between Cu⁺² andhydrogen peroxide in the skin, and by UV light. Althoughsodium-copper-chlorophyllin is a stable compound, copper ion can bedissociated from chlorophyllin by the greater acidity of the skincompared with the pH of the liposome's internal environment. Copper canalso be freed by an increase in the local temperature, brought on bydirect heating of the skin surface or by mechanical means, e.g.,ultrasound, or by imparting electromagnetic energy to the skin, as witha light source. Because copper ions bind readily to skin peptides andproteins, the success of this method depends on penetration of thecopper-antioxidant complex to critical copper-binding sites. Thecombination of these particular liposomes, characterized by their highstability and small size, loaded with copper bound to an appropriateplant pigment or chromophore, is novel and essential to the invention.

The potential benefits of this method can be summarized:

-   -   1. Copper is needed for cross-linking of collagen fibers, which        can prevent and reverse pre-mature skin aging brought on by        excessive exposure to sunlight, environmental chemicals,        smoking, and cleansing agents. Possible benefits are reduced        lines and wrinkles. Another benefit is the reduction in size of        enlarged pores. Improved cross-linking of collagen helps the        healing of wounds and strengthening of weakened blood vessel        walls, while also stimulating the deposition of new blood        vessels. Benefits of the latter include the improvement of        cosmetically unattractive conditions such as under-eye dark        circles.    -   2. Copper is needed for formation of the superoxide removal        enzyme, SOD. This reduces oxidative damage associated with        inflammatory conditions, such as acne, as well as tissue        destruction caused by free radicals generated by ultraviolet        light. Simultaneous release of plant-derived antioxidants        results in the destruction of a wide variety of free radicals,        and also imparts anti-aging benefits. The liposome material is        highly concentrated with linoleic acid, which is beneficial for        acne sufferers.    -   3. Formation of copper-peptides, such as the tripeptide complex        GHK-Cu, results in more complete wound healing and reduces        scarring resulting from skin pathologies such as acne. GHK—Cu        can stimulate hair growth in animal models and may exert similar        benefits in humans.    -   4. Copper is an essential part of the melanin synthesizing        enzyme tyrosinase, and the increased bioavailability of copper        in the skin increases the activity of tyrosinase. This results        in increased melanin production and enhanced skin tanning after        sun exposure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

We have described the importance of copper ions in skin biology, notingthe role of copper as a part of the catalytic center for various enzymesand also its association with small peptides, such as GHK, modulatingrecovery of skin after injury. Whereas plant-derived chromophores suchas chlorophylls and carotenoids have been recognized and used in skincare formulations for their antioxidant potential, binding copper ionswith plant pigments and chromophores, specifically to deliver copper andenhance benefits of the copper thus applied, is new. Chlorophyll andchlorophyllin have been used to sanitize and deodorize wounds, to treatburns, blisters, and ulcerations, to treat psoriasis, and as additivesto hair growth preparations. Copper ions, in such forms as coppersulfate, copper glycosides, copper sucralphate and copper gluconate,have had prior use as topical anti-inflammatory agents and in thetreatment of spider veins, cellulite, poison ivy, as well as inantiviral compositions. Sodium-copper-chlorophyllin has been previouslyused as a photomodulation agent: whereby light energy absorbed by thiscompound, for example from a laser, is transferred to a neighboring,endogenous skin-cell chromophore, “energizing” the cell. Thecopper-chromophore may thereby function as a skin or hair growthstimulation agent. However, copper had not been assigned any active rolein growth stimulation: it has been viewed only to stabilize themolecular structure of chlorophyllin.

Copper-chlorophyllin has been used previously as an internal deodorantin tablet form, in combination with proteolytic enzymes for thedebridement and healing of ulcerative wounds (decubitus ulcers,colostomy openings, etc.) and as a colorant in dentifrice, bone cement,and certain dry foods. The oil-soluble copper-chlorophyllin and thewater soluble sodium-copper-chlorophyllin have not been used topicallyin cosmetic, pharmaceutical, or cosmeceutical skin care products exceptfor the limited use as a deodorant and wound healing additive toproducts used to treat deep, open wounds such as decubitus ulcers. Inother words, neither forms of copper chlorophyllin have ever been usedcommercially in products as a treatment on intact skin. It is postulatedthat copper-chlorophyllin has not been used in cosmetic products simplybecause copper-chlorophyllin is a dark-green pigment, even at lowconcentrations. For example, sodium-copper-chlorophyllin exhibits adark-green color in water at 0.1%. Topical use products are typicallyuncolored or lightly colored with pigments to avoid staining of theskin. Green is, of course, not a natural skin tone. Studies have shownthat the copper-chlorophyllin in the Rovisome liposome penetrates theskin and concentrations up to 0.1% by weight for very light skin and upto 0.5% by weight for very dark skin can be used topically (absorbed andnot visibly evident), that is, they are cosmetically acceptable.

The novelty of the present invention is further supported by thefollowing facts:

-   -   1. Based on history of use, one would not expect a priori the        oil soluble or water soluble copper-chlorophyllin to penetrate        intact skin or even skin affected by acne or rosacea;    -   2. Based on history of use, one would not expect that a low        level of copper-chlorophyllin, for example, 0.1%-a level used as        a colorant in dentifrice and foods, to show visible improvements        in skin condition;    -   3. Based on history of use, one would not expect visible        reductions in pore size, uneven skin coloring, and        collagen-related changes in skin after twice daily use for only        2-3 weeks from this material;    -   4. Based on history of use, one would not expect significant        antimicrobial activity for this material, such as we have        demonstrated against P. acnes.

These findings are detailed in the next section.

The potential of sodium-copper-chlorophyllin as a copper-delivery agent,transferring chlorophyllin-bound copper to copper-dependent enzymes, isnew, as is the concept of using chlorophyllin to reduce free radicalsproduced by free copper. Topically applied copper compounds do not ofthemselves penetrate the skin to a satisfactory extent, and theincorporation of copper-pigment and copper-chromophore complexes intosmall (0.15-0.35 micrometer) lecithin liposomes comes here with a newtwist: the novelty is that using high linoleic acid content lecithin forthe liposome wall has its own intrinsic beneficial effects on skin,namely, for treatment of acne and oily skin. Copper-pigment orcopper-chromophore complex encapsulated in a linoleic acid-lecithinliposome is a new type of skin therapy, delivering copper ions, highlyeffective antioxidants and a therapeutic lipid.

We herein outline the preparation of such a “therapeutic unit”, in anembodiment of the invention that utilizes sodium-copper-chlorophyllin asthe copper-chromophore complex. Plant chromophores invariably possess ametal-ligand binding site. In natural chlorophyll this binding site isoccupied by a magnesium atom. Copper can be substituted for magnesium byfirst treating the chlorophyll with an acid, thereby replacing themagnesium with two hydrogen atoms, and thereafter replacing the hydrogenwith copper by alkaline hydrolysis with a copper salt solution. Alkalinehydrolysis with a sodium salt also opens the cyclopentone ring ofchlorophyll and replaces the ester groups with sodium, creatingsodium-copper-chlorophyllin. Liposomes loaded with NaCu-Chlorophyllinwere prepared by Rovi Cosmetics (Schluchtern, Germany). Composition (byweight) consisted typically of lecithin (10.00%),sodium-copper-chlorophyllin (5.00%), ethyl alcohol (3.33%), Phenonip(0.50%), and water buffered with potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The pHof the “raw” liposome dispersion ranged from 6.5 to 8.5. The materialwas stored in a dark, cool (5° C.) area until used in a treatmentcomposition as detailed below.

In one embodiment of the invention, the raw liposomal dispersion wasformulated into a cosmeceutically acceptable gel of the followingcomposition:

Chlorphyllin Treatment Gel; Formula #28-145 Ingredient % w/w Carbopol940; 2% dispersion 55.00 1,3-Butylene Glycol 4.00 Ethanol SD 40, 190Proof 3.50 Sodium Lactate, 60% (PatlacNAL) 1.60 Pentylene Glycol(Hydrolite-5)) 4.00 Phenoxyethanol 0.75 Sodium Hydroxide solution, 25%1.50 Rovisome I* (Rovi; Schluchtern, Germany 2.00 Deionized Water 21.70Total 100.00*Rovisome I is a custom liposomal dispersion containing 5% w/wsodium-copper-chlorophyllin in a high linoleic acid lecithin shell.

The final concentration of sodium-copper-chlorophyllin in the abovetreatment gel is 0.1% w/w. The pH of the gel was typically adjusted tobetween 7.2-7.6; in the above example with NaOH. The following studieswere conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of such compositions.

Study 1

In this clinical trial, an aqueous gel base containing the dispersion oflecithin liposomes and 0.10% by weight sodium-copper-chlorophyllin wasevaluated for its effectiveness in treating large pores on the noseand/or cheeks, acne, oiliness of skin, and blotchiness (uneven reddishskin color) of ten subjects with mild to moderate acne. The gel wasapplied to the nose and cheeks twice daily for four weeks. Skincondition was evaluated by both the patients themselves and by an expertclinical grader. Methods of clinical evaluation included visualexamination (counting of acne lesions and enlarged pores, visible skinoiliness and smoothness of skin texture) and measurements of oilinessusing Sebutape®, and digital photography. Evaluations were carried outat the start of the study and after four weeks of treatment. Results:After four weeks of treatment most of the ten patients had a decrease inskin oiliness (8/10), most had fewer enlarged pores (9/10), a few hadless acne (3/10), less sebaceous thickening of the skin (4/10), andsmoother skin (3/10). In their self-assessment, all ten patients feltthat their skin condition improved, especially with regard to reducedoiliness, pore size and overall appearance. Sebutape measurements weremade at four facial sites: the right side and left side of the forehead,plus the nose and the chin. A global parameter of overall skin oilinesswas calculated by summing these four Sebutape measurement values foreach patient at the start of the study, and again at two weeks and atfour weeks into the treatment. The Sebutape results showed an average 9%reduction in the amount of skin-surface oil after two weeks and anaverage reduction of 13% at four weeks; the latter is statisticallyhighly significant. It was also noticed that most of the patients hadreduced inflammation (redness), particularly one patient withacne-rosacea. Overall, the study indicated that the treatment results indramatic reduction of inflammation.

Study 2

This study was conducted at a different clinical research site, andagain examined the benefits of a twice-daily facial application of the0.10% sodium-copper-chlorophyllin gel. Ten subjects, men and women 18-30years of age, were enrolled in the study. Each subject had mild tomoderate acne, with large, visible pores on the nose and/or cheeks, oilyskin and blotchy skin coloration. Clinical grading of enlarged facialpores, oiliness and blotchiness were performed during the panelists'initial visit and repeated after three weeks of treatment. Acne wasevaluated by counting inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules andnodules) and non-inflammatory lesions (open and closed comedones) forthe full face (forehead, left and right cheeks and chin) at the initialvisit and after three weeks. The subjects also provided self-assessmentdiary data of their skin condition throughout the study. Results: Thefollowing table summarizes the percentage of statistically significantimprovements determined at the three-week time point compared withpre-treatment values, as determined by clinical grading. AttributePercentage Improvement Oiliness −36.1% Enlarged pores −21.9% Blotchiness−26.8% Closed Comedones −28.3% Global Acne Score −13.0% Face Overall−18.6%

The majority of subjects (8/10)noted various degrees of improvement intheir own skin condition, mainly with respect to reduced oiliness,visibility of pores and evenness of color and texture. Digitalphotographic analysis utilizing the VISIA® clinical grading systemcalculated significant reduction in pores, acne-related porphyrins, andimprovement in overall skin evenness.

Study 3

A small clinical study was carried out using 5 panelists, to investigatewhether sodium-copper-chlorophyllin enhances skin tanning followingUV-light irradiation. We were in effect testing whether the gelpreparation increases tyrosinase activity by increasing the availabilityof copper in the skin. The net effect of sodium-copper-chlorophyllin ontanning was somewhat unpredictable, because even if copper stimulatesmelanogenesis by increasing the activity of tyrosinase, the impact of UVmay be reduced, because chlorophyllin is a strong UV absorber(sunscreen) and chlorophyllin is also a strong antioxidant, expected toreduce erythema. We therefore compared the degree of tanning produced bythe sodium-copper-chlorophyllin (0.1 0%) against the tanning produced byan identical preparation of sodium-magnesium-chlorophyllin (0.10%) (Themagnesium-complex of chlorophyllin corresponds to the actualplant-derived form of chlorophyll, and has approximately the sameUV-absorbance and sunscreen attributes as the copper form). Therefore,any increase in melanin formation by the copper-complex over that forthe magnesium-complex would be due to copper.

Five people, 18-65 years of age, participated in the study. All wereFitzpatrick skin type III or IV; that is, all five subjects hadsubstantial tanning capability. The minimal erythemal dose (MED) wasdetermined on the lower back of each subject over the first two days ofthe study. Thereafter 200 microliters of a treatment gel containing0.10% by weight of either sodium-copper-chlorophyllin orsodium-magnesium chlorophyllin in a liposomal dispersion as described inStudies 1 and 2 was applied to 1 cm² sites on the lower back and coveredwith a semi-occlusive skin patch. The gels were re-applied and patcheddaily for 5 consecutive days to randomly assigned and coded sites oneither side of the lower back. After 5 days, the final patches wereremoved and the test areas were irradiated with simulated solar light,at dosages of either 1.5 or 2.0 MED. Two untreated sites were alsoirradiated at 1.5 and 2.0 MED for comparison. The irradiated sites,treated and control, were visually graded for “Darkness” and “Degree ofTanning” at 4 days and 7 days post-irradiation. Darkness scores refer tototal skin pigment (hemoglobin and melanin), whereas Tanning scoresrefer more to melanin. Treated areas of each subject were photographedat 7 days after irradiation using macrophotographic techniques, with andwithout polarized light. Results: The Darkness ranking (in which thesites are ranked on a scale of 1-6, with 1 being the darkest), resultedin the following average scores: Treatment Average Darkness Score Std.Dev. Untreated 3.95 2.03 Mg-Chlorophyllin 3.55 1.60 Cu-Chlorophyllin2.80 1.47

Given the small sample size, the differences amongst the three types ofsites are not statistically significant, but directionally the scoresshow the copper-chlorophyllin treated sites to be the darkest.

The Degree of Tanning scores proved to be more interesting: TreatmentAverage Tanning Score Std. Dev. Untreated 5.55 1.48 Mg-Chlorophyllin5.25 0.98 Cu-Chlorophyllin 6.15 1.84(Degree of Tanning is ranked on a scale: 0 = very light tan and 10 =very deep tan).

This study, although involving only 5 subjects, showed the expecteddirectional differences in the tanning response, in that 1) themagnesium-chlorophyllin treated sites had less tanning than theuntreated sites, presumably because of the UV-light absorption andantioxidant protection afforded by chlorophyllin, and 2) the presence ofthe copper atom gave a substantial boost in the tanning responsecompared to that seen with Mg-chlorophyllin, presumably showing thecopper effect.

Study 4

The unexpected result that the sodium-copper-chlorophyllin gel used inthe above described clinical studies reduced acne-associatedinflammation and porphyrins led us to propose that we were observing acopper-mediated antimicrobial effect on Propionibacterium acnes. To testthis hypothesis, a “kill rate” test against P. acnes was conducted at amicrobiological testing laboratory. The study compared the antimicrobialproperties of the treatment gel containing 0.1%sodium-copper-chlorophyllin against the same gel composition with 0.1%sodium-magnesium-chlorophyllin. Antimicrobial activity of the two gelswas determined using the standard methodology of counting the number oforganisms on test plates covered with the respective gels after 1 hourand 24 hours of incubation. The kill rate is calculated as thelogarithmic reduction in the concentration of organisms when comparedwith the concentration of organisms in the original inoculationmaterial. Results are summarized in the following table: Treatment Gelwith 0.1% NaCu Chlorophyllin Organism Inoculum Level Average LogReduction P. acnes 2.95 × 10⁵ No Growth 5.47 1 hour P. acnes 2.95 × 10⁵No Growth 5.47 24 hours

Treatment Gel with 0.1% Na Mg Chlorophyllin Organism Inoculum LevelAverage Log Reduction P. acnes 2.95 × 10⁵ 6,500 1.66 1 hour P. acnes2.95 × 10⁵ 2,000 2.17 24 hours

A log reduction of 2.17 obtained with the sodium-magnesium-chlorophyllingel is considered ineffective antimicrobial activity, and may in fact bedue to just the gel base itself On the other hand, the practically totalkill of P. acnes seen with sodium-copper-chlorophyllin gel suggests verystrongly that the copper exerts significant antimicrobial activity, andwe propose it is the copper that dissociates from chlorophyllin that isresponsible for the reduction of acne symptoms seen in the clinicalstudies.

1. A composition for topical application to human skin to treat,prevent, or otherwise reduce acne, acne scars, oiliness, large pores andassociated inflammation, said composition containing: a) an aqueoussolution of sodium copper chlorophyllin within a submicron liposomalstructure; b) said liposomal structure consisting of a linoleicacid/phosphatidyl choline type lecithin shell; c) said liposomes beingdispersed in a cosmetically, pharmaceutically, or dermatology acceptablecarrier vehicle.
 2. The composition of claim 1 where the size of theliposomes is in the range of 150-350 nanometers in diameter.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1 where the concentration of sodium copperchlorophyllin ranges between 0.0001% and 0.5% by weight of the totalcomposition.
 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the cosmetically,pharmaceutically or dermatology acceptable carrier vehicle comprises agel, lotion, liquid or cream emulsion, microemulsion, suspension, orliposomal dispersion.
 5. The composition of claim 1 with the pH adjustedto between 6.5-8.5 and preferably between 7.2-7.6.
 6. A composition fortopical application to human skin for treating environmentally-inducedpremature skin aging and to reduce or otherwise improve the signs ofpremature skin aging including the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles,uneven or blotchy pigmentation and skin color and sagging of skin,caused by incomplete cross-linking of collagen and elastin fibers, saidcomposition containing: a) an aqueous solution of sodium copperchlorophyllin within a submicron liposomal structure; b) said liposomalstructure consisting of a linoleic acid/phosphatidyl choline typelecithin shell; c) said liposomes being dispersed in a cosmetically,pharmaceutically, or dermatology acceptable carrier vehicle.
 7. Thecomposition of claim 6 where the size of the liposomes are in the rangeof 150-350 nanometers in diameter.
 8. The composition of claim 6 wherethe concentration of sodium copper chlorophyllin ranges between 0.0001%and 0.5% by weight of the total composition.
 9. The composition of claim6 wherein the cosmetically, pharmaceutically, or dermatology acceptablecarrier vehicle comprises a gel, lotion or cream emulsion,microemulsion, suspension, or liposomal dispersion.
 10. The compositionof claim 6 with the pH adjusted to between 6.5-8.5 and preferablybetween 7.2-7.6.
 11. A composition for topical application to human skinfor treating acne-rosacea, said composition containing: a) an aqueoussolution of sodium copper chlorophyllin within a submicron liposomalstructure; b) said liposomal structure consisting of a linoleicacid/phosphatidyl choline type lecithin shell; c) said liposomes beingdispersed in a cosmetically, pharmaceutically, or dermatology acceptablecarrier vehicle.
 12. The composition of claim 11 where the size of theliposomes is in the range of 150-350 nanometers in diameter.
 13. Thecomposition of claim 11 where the concentration of sodium copperchlorophyllin ranges between 0.0001% and 0.5% by weight of the totalcomposition.
 14. The composition of claim 11 wherein the cosmetically,pharmaceutically, or dermatology acceptable carrier vehicle comprises agel, lotion, liquid or cream emulsion, microemulsion, suspension, orliposomal dispersion.
 15. The composition of claim 11 with the pHadjusted to between 6.5-8.5 and preferably between 7.2-7.6.
 16. Acomposition for topical application to human skin for increasing thenatural tanning response induced by sunlight or simulated solarradiation or by UV tanning beds, said composition containing: a) anaqueous solution of sodium copper chlorophyllin within a submicronliposomal structure; b) said liposomal structure consisting of alinoleic acid/phosphatidyl choline type lecithin shell; c) saidliposomes being dispersed in a cosmetically, pharmaceutically, ordermatology acceptable carrier vehicle.
 17. The composition of claim 16where the size of the liposomes is in the range of 150-350 nanometers indiameter.
 18. The composition of claim 16 where the concentration ofsodium copper chlorophyllin ranges between 0.0001% and 0.5% by weight ofthe total composition.
 19. The composition of claim 16 wherein thecosmetically, pharmaceutically, or dermatology acceptable carriervehicle comprises a gel, lotion, liquid or cream emulsion,microemulsion, suspension, or liposomal dispersion.
 20. The compositionof claim 16 with the pH adjusted between 6.5-8.5 and preferably between7.2-7.6.